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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
07:25

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

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Immunotherapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Past and Future Strategies for Optimization

Melissa A Reimers1, Kathryn E Slane1, Russell K Pachynski2,3,4

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Current Urology Reports
|September 5, 2019
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Prostate cancer shows limited response to immunotherapy. Current research explores vaccine therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, with ongoing trials investigating combination approaches for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer exhibits poor responsiveness to immunotherapy.
  • Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) presents significant treatment challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on vaccine therapy and checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for mCRPC.
  • To discuss the efficacy and ongoing investigations of these immunotherapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and studies on prostate cancer immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of data from single-agent and combination therapy trials.

Main Results:

  • Sipuleucel-T is the sole FDA-approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer.
  • Phase 3 vaccine trials (GVAX, PROSTVAC) have not shown survival benefits as single agents.
  • Checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy shows limited efficacy in advanced prostate cancer.
  • Combination approaches and molecular patient selection are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal application of vaccine therapy and checkpoint inhibitors in mCRPC is yet to be established.
  • Ongoing clinical trials are crucial for guiding future treatment strategies in mCRPC.
Keywords:
Castration resistanceCheckpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapyMetastatic prostate cancerNeoantigen vaccineVaccines

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