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Do Liposomal Vitamin C Formulations Have Improved Bioavailability? A Scoping Review Identifying Future Research Directions.

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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Vitamin C and Neutrophil Function: Findings from Randomized Controlled Trials.

Mikee Liugan1, Anitra C Carr2

  • 1Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand. liumi653@student.otago.ac.nz.

Nutrients
|September 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin C supplementation impacts neutrophil function, with 44% of reviewed RCTs showing effects on chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. However, study heterogeneity limits definitive conclusions, necessitating future research with specific cohorts and dosing.

Keywords:
apoptosisascorbic acidchemotaxismigrationneutrophilsoxidative burstphagocytosispolymorphonuclear leukocytessystematic reviewvitamin C

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is crucial for immune function, accumulating in neutrophils to millimolar concentrations.
  • Neutrophils play a vital role in the innate immune system, responding to pathogens and injury.
  • Understanding vitamin C's influence on neutrophil function is key to optimizing immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing vitamin C's effects on neutrophil function.
  • To evaluate vitamin C's impact as a mono- or multi-supplement therapy on neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, enzyme activity, and apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL) for eligible RCTs.
  • Inclusion of 16 RCTs assessing primary or secondary outcomes related to neutrophil function.
  • Quality appraisal using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.

Main Results:

  • Two of three studies on neutrophil chemotaxis showed improvement with intravenous vitamin C.
  • Ten RCTs on phagocytosis/oxidative burst yielded mixed results, with some showing increased activity in athletes and decreased oxidant generation in myocardial infarction patients.
  • One study indicated decreased neutrophil apoptosis in septic surgical patients receiving intravenous vitamin C.

Conclusions:

  • Approximately 44% of reviewed RCTs demonstrated effects of vitamin C supplementation on neutrophil functions.
  • Significant heterogeneity in participant cohorts and dosing regimens across studies limits definitive conclusions.
  • Future RCTs should focus on specific populations with low vitamin C status and optimized dosing strategies.