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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Chiral Phase Transition Temperature in (2+1)-Flavor QCD.

H-T Ding¹, P Hegde², O Kaczmarek^1,3

¹Key Laboratory of Quark & Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.

Physical Review Letters

|September 7, 2019

Summary

We determined the chiral phase transition temperature using lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Our findings establish the transition temperature at 132 MeV, providing crucial insights into the behavior of quarks and gluons.

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Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

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Sublimation, Deposition and Enthalpy Changes

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Melting and Freezing; Energetics of Melting and Fusion

Melting and Freezing; Energetics of Melting and Fusion

Area of Science:

High Energy Physics
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Statistical Mechanics

Background:

Understanding the phase structure of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is crucial for describing the state of matter at extreme temperatures and densities, such as those in the early universe or heavy-ion collisions.
The chiral phase transition marks a significant change in the properties of strongly interacting matter, involving the restoration of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

To perform a precise determination of the chiral phase transition temperature (Tc) in QCD with two light quarks and a physical strange quark mass.
To introduce and utilize novel estimators for Tc, enabling more robust calculations.
To investigate the influence of light quark masses on the chiral transition temperature.

Main Methods:

Lattice QCD calculations employing the highly improved staggered quarks (HISQ) action.
Development and application of two new estimators for the chiral transition temperature.
Extrapolation to the chiral limit (vanishing light quark masses) using universal scaling analysis, with pion masses ranging from 58 to 163 MeV.
Control of finite-volume effects by extrapolating to the thermodynamic limit.
Continuum extrapolations using lattices with temporal extents Nτ = 6, 8, and 12.

Main Results:

The chiral phase transition temperature was determined after performing thermodynamic, continuum, and chiral extrapolations.
The calculated chiral phase transition temperature is Tc⁰ = 132⁻⁶⁺³ MeV.

Conclusions:

This study provides a state-of-the-art lattice QCD determination of the chiral phase transition temperature.
The results offer a precise value for Tc⁰, serving as an important benchmark for theoretical and experimental studies of QCD.
The methodology developed and applied is robust and can be extended to other QCD regimes.