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Related Concept Videos

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Source: J. Jacob Chavez, Ryan T. Davis, and Taylor D. Sparks, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors
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Unruh Effect without Thermality.

Raúl Carballo-Rubio1, Luis J Garay2, Eduardo Martín-Martínez3,4

  • 1SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy and INFN Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|September 7, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Uniformly accelerated detectors exhibit thermal properties even without the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition. This finding broadens our understanding of the Unruh effect and its necessary conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Thermodynamics
  • Relativity

Background:

  • The Unruh effect predicts that an accelerating observer perceives a thermal bath.
  • The Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition is a standard criterion for thermal states in quantum field theory.
  • The relationship between KMS condition and thermalization for accelerated observers requires further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate thermal features of uniformly accelerated detectors beyond the KMS condition.
  • To determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for thermal response in accelerated detectors.
  • To clarify the role of the KMS condition in the Unruh effect.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of uniformly accelerated detectors in quantum field theory.
  • Examination of thermal detailed balance and Planckian response.
  • Derivation of conditions for thermal response in the adiabatic limit.

Main Results:

  • Accelerated detectors can exhibit thermal behavior even when the KMS condition is not met.
  • Thermal detailed balance and Planckian response are observed irrespective of KMS satisfaction.
  • The KMS condition is sufficient but not necessary for the Unruh effect.

Conclusions:

  • The Unruh effect can be present even if the KMS condition is violated.
  • Identified necessary and sufficient conditions for thermal response in accelerated detectors.
  • Provides a framework to assess the Unruh effect's robustness against quantum field theory deformations.