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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Simultaneous Live Imaging of Multiple Insect Embryos in Sample Chamber-Based Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopes
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A Geant4 simulation for three-dimensional proton imaging of microscopic samples.

Claire Michelet1, Zhuxin Li1, Wen Yang1

  • 1CENBG, UMR5797, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33170 Gradignan, France.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|September 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing proton imaging, this study found 20 protons per shot is ideal for 3D Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) imaging. Numerical phantoms were used to validate data reduction in nanotoxicology studies.

Keywords:
Caenorhabditis elegansGeant4 simulationPIXE tomographySTIM tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Microscopy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Proton imaging enables high-resolution 3D analysis of microscopic samples using Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE).
  • In situ quantification of nanoparticles in biological models like Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is crucial for nanotoxicology.
  • Current methods involve sample dehydration and data reduction via inversion algorithms to determine mass density and chemical content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of data reduction processes on 3D proton tomography.
  • To determine optimal parameters for 3D STIM imaging.
  • To develop reference data for PIXE tomography studies.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Monte Carlo simulation using the Geant4 toolkit.
  • Creation of numerical phantoms, including a C. elegans phantom, based on experimental data.
  • Comparison of reconstructed tomographic images with reference phantoms under varying simulation and reconstruction conditions.

Main Results:

  • The study identified 20 protons per shot as the optimal number for 3D STIM imaging based on relative error analysis.
  • Numerical phantoms proved effective for evaluating data reduction algorithms.
  • Preliminary PIXE tomography results highlight the utility of phantoms for X-ray attenuation studies.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal number of protons per shot for 3D STIM imaging is 20.
  • Numerical phantoms are valuable tools for validating proton imaging techniques and data reduction methods.
  • Further research using phantoms is recommended for PIXE tomography of thick samples.