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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
Published on: August 17, 2022
[Heavy liquids as intraoperative instrument in retinal surgery]
Karl Boden1,2, K Januschowski3,4, P Szurman3,4
1Augenklinik Sulzbach, Knappschaftsklinikum Saar, An der Klinik 10, 66280, Sulzbach/Saar, Deutschland. Karl.Boden@kksaar.de.
Abstract:
The introduction of perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) resuled in a significant change in vitreoretinal surgery. Even complicated retinal detachments could be treated reliably and successfully. The combination of vitrectomy with the use of PFCL was one of the decisive factors for the continuing success of pars plana vitrectomy (ppV) in addition to technical refinements. The PFCLs have become an established part of vitreoretinal surgery due to their wide range of application and the positive intraoperative influence. When applied correctly and intelligently, PFCL can serve as the third hand of a retinal surgeon. Contrary to the widespread scepticism, the currently discussed toxicity of PFCL is negligible for short-term use.
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The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals1 dictates that rodent survival surgery be performed aseptically. Aseptic technique utilizes specific practices that minimize the contamination of the surgical site, including patient preparation, surgeon preparation, sterilization of instruments and other supplies, and the use of a clean and controlled environment. Presurgical planning,...

