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Related Concept Videos

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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Overview of Tissue Imaging Methods.

Sanjay S Patel1, Scott J Rodig2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is crucial for precision medicine and immuno-oncology. New multiplexing technologies allow detailed analysis of immune cells within tumors, aiding targeted therapy development.

Keywords:
Immune microenvironmentImmuno-oncologyImmunofluorescenceImmunohistochemistryMultiplex imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Precision medicine and immuno-oncology necessitate deeper understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME).
  • Accurate identification of immune cells and their spatial relationships within the TIME is vital for developing targeted therapies.
  • Current methods for analyzing the TIME are limited to evaluating only two protein markers simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss emerging technologies for multiplexed analysis of the TIME.
  • To highlight the need for advanced techniques to characterize diverse TIMEs.
  • To support the development of novel cancer immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current and emerging multiplexing technologies for TIME analysis.
  • Discussion of techniques including multiplex colorimetric immunohistochemistry (mCIHC), multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), cyclic immunofluorescence (CycIF), multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI), codetection by indexing (CODEX), and digital spatial profiling (DSP).

Main Results:

  • Established techniques allow interrogation of up to two protein markers visually.
  • There is a growing need for reliable methods to query numerous targets simultaneously.
  • Multiplexing technologies offer enhanced capabilities for TIME characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced multiplexing techniques are essential for precise characterization of the TIME.
  • These technologies will enable better distinction between different tumor types and patient profiles.
  • Improved TIME analysis is critical for advancing precision medicine and immuno-oncology.