Hyaluronate-Gold Nanoparticle/Glucose Oxidase Complex for Highly Sensitive Wireless Noninvasive Glucose Sensors

Noninvasive real-time biosensors to measure glucose levels in the body fluids have been widely investigated for continuous glucose monitoring of diabetic patients. However, they suffered from low sensitivity and reproducibility due to the instability of nanomaterials used for glucose biosensors. Here, we developed a hyaluronate-gold nanoparticle/glucose oxidase (HA-AuNP/GOx) complex and an ultralow-power application-specific integrated circuit chip for noninvasive and robust wireless patch-type glucose sensors. The HA-AuNP/GOx complex was prepared by the facile conjugation of thiolated HA to AuNPs and the following physical binding of GOx. The wireless glucose sensor exhibited slow water evaporation (0.11 μL/min), fast response (5 s), high sensitivity (12.37 μA·dL/mg·cm²) and selectivity, a low detection limit (0.5 mg/dL), and highly stable enzymatic activity (∼14 days). We successfully demonstrated the strong correlation between glucose concentrations measured by a commercially available blood glucometer and the wireless patch-type glucose sensor. Taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of the wireless patch-type robust glucose sensor for noninvasive and continuous diabetic diagnosis.