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Updated: Jan 19, 2026
Extinction: Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch - Concept
Extinction imagers for measurements of atmospheric beam transmittance
Abstract:
Optical beam transmittance for a horizontal path of sight through the atmosphere may be measured with transmissometers, which typically are double-ended, with source and a receiver at opposite ends of the path. Determination of the beam transmittance for longer paths is more challenging in some applications, such as monitoring the surround of a ship at sea or an urban environment. Extinction imaging is a new, to the best of our knowledge, method we have developed for determining the beam transmittance and effective path extinction coefficient over extended atmospheric paths in multiple directions with a single-ended system. Our new advances to the classical theory are enabled by use of calibrated imagers operating in visible, near-infrared, or short-wave infrared wave bands. This article presents the theory, hardware, and tests with supporting instrumentation, including transmissometers and point scatter meters.
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Extinction
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it was not until the early 19th century that scientists began to recognize that the successive layers of fossil bearing rocks were like successive pages in the history of life on earth. Although this recognition gave rise to the birth of the field of paleontology, the idea of complete global extinction of a species had yet to be fully accepted. At...
Extinction
ExpandBegin this procedure by reading the extinction reading supplement that has been printed out for you. NOTE: Alternatively, you may download the reading supplement at the link below. Click here to download the extinction reading supplement
Using the information contained in the extinction reading supplements pertaining to the taxa of interest and the Chicxulub impact event, make predictions for each taxon listed in Table 1. Consider...
Extinction
ExpandFirst, familiarize yourself with the extinction reading supplement for the background on what took place and where existing theories stand.
Also, print out an appropriate number of copies to have one per student.
Now make sure each lab computer has access to Microsoft Excel or an equivalent open source spreadsheet program. NOTE: The demonstrated procedure was performed with Excel but adjustments can be made to use other programs or...
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Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...