Acute and Long-term Adverse Events Associated With Checkpoint Blockade

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Immunology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies are increasingly utilized for various cancers.
• ICIs enhance the patient's adaptive immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells.
• These therapies are associated with a distinct set of side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a comprehensive overview of immune-related adverse events linked to immune checkpoint therapy.
• To detail the presentation, evaluation, and management strategies for irAEs.
• To outline essential nursing considerations for patients receiving immune checkpoint therapy.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of peer-reviewed articles.
• Analysis of published scientific literature.
• Consultation of national guidelines and internet resources.

Main Results:

• While most irAEs are low-grade, severe events can lead to life-threatening conditions or permanent organ damage.
• Effective management hinges on collaborative efforts in monitoring, evaluation, documentation, and communication.
• Oncology nurses play a critical role in patient education, side effect triage, and care coordination.

Conclusions:

• Oncology nurses require a deep understanding of ICI mechanisms, potential irAEs, and management protocols.
• Proactive patient education regarding potential side effects is vital.
• Collaborative, multidisciplinary approaches are essential for optimizing ICI therapy and mitigating risks.