Case Report: Concurrent Rheumatic Fever and Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in a High-Burden Setting

We report a case of acute rheumatic fever with severe pancarditis occurring simultaneously with probable acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in a previously well, Australian Aboriginal, 29-year-old male. These autoimmune streptococcal sequelae are usually considered pathogenetically distinct, and concurrence has not previously been reported from this high-burden setting. We hypothesize that a single type of infecting group A Streptococcus (Strep A) triggered both autoimmune sequelae. Salient features included mitral and aortic regurgitation that worsened during the acute illness, painful pericarditis, and high troponin; severe acute kidney injury with oliguria, hematuria, and macroalbuminuria; reduced complement (C3); and elevated streptococcal serology. The case highlights important diagnostic and management challenges. It also illustrates the serious morbidity impact of the complications of Strep A.