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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun
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Helios: still behind the clouds.

Angela M Thornton1, Ethan M Shevach1

  • 1Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Immunology
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain self-tolerance. This review explores the transcription factor Helios in Treg cells, its role, and the debate over its use as a marker for thymus-derived Treg cells.

Keywords:
autoimmunityregulation/suppressionregulatory T cellstranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance.
  • Foxp3 is an essential transcription factor for Treg cell phenotype and function.
  • Two main Treg subsets exist: thymus-derived (tTreg) and peripherally induced (pTreg) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and function of the transcription factor Helios in Treg cells.
  • To discuss the controversy surrounding Helios as a specific marker for tTreg cells.
  • To explore how Helios influences Treg cell programming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Helios expression and function in Treg cells.
  • Analysis of data comparing Helios expression in tTreg and pTreg subsets.
  • Examination of the molecular mechanisms by which Helios impacts Treg cell activity.

Main Results:

  • Helios is expressed in 60-70% of Treg cells in both mice and humans.
  • Helios is often considered a marker for tTreg cells, but its specificity is debated.
  • Helios plays a role in regulating specific Treg cell functions.

Conclusions:

  • Helios is an important factor in Treg cell biology, but its utility as a definitive tTreg marker requires further investigation.
  • Understanding Helios's function is key to comprehending Treg cell-mediated immune regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the precise role of Helios in distinguishing Treg cell subsets and their functions.