Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 19, 2026
Induction and Phenotyping of Acute Right Heart Failure in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Published on: March 17, 2022
Hemodynamic Phenotypes of Hypertension Based on Cardiac Output and Systemic Vascular Resistance
Shiwani Mahajan1, Jianlei Gu2, Yuan Lu3
1Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Conn; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
Background:
Blood pressure is a physiologic measure that reflects cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Classification by these components could be useful in characterizing subtypes of hypertension, which may have a role in selecting treatment strategies. However, hemodynamic phenotypes of a large, stable, outpatient population with hypertension remain unknown.
Methods:
We included 34,238 people with systolic blood pressure of ≥130 mm Hg, who underwent impedance cardiography at 51 sites of iKang Health Checkup Centers throughout China between 2012 and 2018. Hemodynamic parameters measured included stroke volume, stroke volume index, heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, and systemic vascular resistance index. We characterized these by systolic blood pressure categories and assessed patient characteristics associated with the ratio of cardiac index to systemic vascular resistance index.
Results:
Among the study cohort (n = 33,414; mean age 52 ± 13 years; 36.6% female), 49%, 40%, and 11% had systolic blood pressure130-139, 140-159, and ≥160 mm Hg, respectively. Among patients with systolic blood pressure 140-159 mm Hg, 9353 (70%) had high systemic vascular resistance index but normal/low cardiac index, 1949 (15%) had high cardiac index but low/normal systemic vascular resistance index, and 2053 (15%) had low/normal cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index. Using multivariable analysis, we found that cardiac index to systemic vascular resistance index ratio was negatively associated with age and body mass index (all P <0.05; R-square 0.16, 0.12, and 0.09 for systolic blood pressure 130-139, 140-159 and ≥160 mm Hg, respectively).
Conclusions:
Different hemodynamic blood pressure phenotypes were identified across all hypertensive blood pressure categories. Although individual characteristics were associated with the cardiac index to systemic vascular resistance index ratio, they only weakly explained the variation.
Related Concept Videos
07:41Induction and Phenotyping of Acute Right Heart Failure in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
09:37Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
09:40Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
01:22Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
16:09Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice
01:19Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...