Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related luminal GI adverse events

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Gastroenterology
• Immunology

Background:

• Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a significant advancement in cancer therapy.
• The widespread use of ICIs has led to the emergence of various adverse events.
• Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events are common, affecting up to 50% of patients on ICIs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the spectrum of luminal GI adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
• To provide guidance for gastroenterologists managing these toxicities.
• To compile current knowledge on presentation, management, and diagnostic findings.

Main Methods:

• An extensive literature search was conducted.
• Relevant studies and information on luminal GI adverse reactions to ICIs were compiled.
• The review synthesizes data on presentation, patient approach, risk stratification, management, and endoscopic/histologic findings.

Main Results:

• Diarrhea and colitis are the second most common adverse events associated with ICIs.
• The severity of GI adverse events ranges from mild to life-threatening.
• Awareness of the full spectrum of potential GI toxicities is crucial for clinicians.

Conclusions:

• Gastroenterologists play a critical role in managing ICI-induced GI adverse events.
• A systematic approach to diagnosis and management is essential.
• Understanding endoscopic and histologic findings aids in patient care.