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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy
Published on: May 12, 2020
Identification of vibration modes in single-molecule junctions by strong inelastic signals in noise
Sumit Tewari1, Carlos Sabater1, Jan van Ruitenbeek1
1Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands. ruitenbeek@physics.leidenuniv.nl.
Abstract:
Conductance measurements in single-molecule junctions (SMJs) are on many occasions accompanied by inelastic spectroscopy and shot-noise measurements in order to obtain information about different vibration modes (or vibrons) and channels involved in the transport respectively. We have extended the single-molecule shot-noise measurements, which were previously performed at low bias, to high bias and we have studied the effects of these vibrons on the noise for a Deuterium (D2) molecule between Pt leads. We report here two important findings from these measurements. First, we find in our noise measurements that at the vibron energies of the molecule, a two-level fluctuation (TLF) is excited in the junction. Second, we show that in the presence of this TLF, a form of enhanced noise spectroscopy can be performed to detect inelastic electron-vibron interactions, by studying the third derivative of the noise (d3SI/dV3). This is possible because TLFs are insensitive to elastic scattering of electrons from defects, which nevertheless leave their signature in the usual inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS) measurements.
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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

