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The Analytic Truth and Falsity of Disjunctions
Ana Cristina Quelhas1, Célia Rasga1, P N Johnson-Laird2,3
1Applied Psychology Research Center, Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA-Instituto Universitário.
Cognitive Science
|September 19, 2019
Summary
Disjunctive inferences are challenging due to multiple possibilities. Mental model theory explains this by how people evaluate possibilities for true and false disjunctions, revealing predictable errors.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Logic and Reasoning
Background:
- Disjunctive inferences present cognitive challenges.
- The theory of mental models posits that difficulty arises from the alternative possibilities inherent in disjunctions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To experimentally test predictions of the mental model theory regarding disjunctive inferences.
- To investigate how individuals evaluate the possibilities associated with disjunctions.
Main Methods:
- Three experiments were conducted.
- Participants evaluated the truth of disjunctions and the possibility/impossibility of cases within their partitions.
- Distinctions between inclusive and exclusive disjunctions were examined.
Main Results:
- Participants correctly identified true disjunctions.
- Errors occurred when evaluating false or contingent disjunctions, with participants tending towards 'mirror-image' evaluations.
- These errors align with predictions of the mental model theory, particularly concerning exclusive disjunctions.
Conclusions:
- The findings support the mental model theory's explanation of disjunctive inference difficulties.
- Results highlight predictable errors in reasoning about false disjunctions.
- The study discusses implications for alternative logical and probabilistic theories.
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