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A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
Published on: June 15, 2011
Novel PITX2 mutations identified in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and the pattern of PITX2-related tooth agenesis
Zhuangzhuang Fan1,2,3, Shichen Sun1,2,3, Haochen Liu1,2,3
1Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
Objectives:
To investigate the mutations in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) and the pattern of PITX2-related tooth agenesis.
Methods:
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation (CNV) array were used to screen the mutations in four ARS probands. After Sanger sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) validation, secondary structure prediction and dual-luciferase assay were employed to investigate the functional impact. Eighteen PITX2-mutated patients with definite dental records were retrieved from our database and literatures, and the pattern of PITX2-related tooth agenesis was analyzed.
Results:
A novel de novo segmental deletion of chromosome 4q25 (GRCh37/hg19 chr4:111, 320, 052-111, 754, 236) encompassing PITX2 and three novel PITX2 mutations c.148C > T, c.257G > A, and c.630insCG were identified. Preliminary functional studies indicated the transactivation capacity of mutant PITX2 on Distal-less homeobox 2 (DLX2) promoter was compromised. The maxillary teeth showed significantly higher rate of agenesis (57.94%) than the mandibular teeth (44.05%). The most often missing teeth were upper lateral incisors (83.33%) and upper second premolars (69.44%). Teeth with the least agenesis rate were the lower second molars (19.44%) and lower first molars (8.33%).
Conclusions:
We identified a novel 4q25 microdeletion including PITX2 and three novel PITX2 mutations, and statistically analyzed the PITX2-related tooth agenesis pattern.
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