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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Types of Membrane Protrusions
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Protrusion membrane pearling emerges during 3D cell division.

David Caballero1,2,3,4,5, Inês Mendes Pinto6, Boris Y Rubinstein7

  • 1Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Physical Biology
|September 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cells dividing in 3D environments exhibit unique membrane pearling on protrusions. This novel mechanism may offer new insights into 3D cell division processes and their physiological relevance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cell division involves significant shape changes for cell separation.
  • In 2D, cells round up and use retraction fibers.
  • In 3D, cells use protrusions to orient division, but mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the poorly understood mechanisms of cell division in 3D environments.
  • To explore the role of membrane dynamics during 3D cell division.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of cell division in 3D microenvironments.
  • Analysis of membrane dynamics and protrusion formation during mitosis.

Main Results:

  • Spontaneous formation of transient, quasiperiodic membrane pearling observed on mitotic protrusions during 3D cell division.
  • Membrane pearling may be initiated by non-uniform focal adhesion distribution and membrane instability.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane pearling represents a novel modality of 3D cell division.
  • This phenomenon may have significant physiological relevance in understanding cell division in complex environments.