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Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

Published on: August 15, 2015

Surface Pyroelectricity in Cubic SrTiO₃.

Elena Meirzadeh¹, Dennis V Christensen², Evgeniy Makagon³

¹Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|September 19, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface engineering unlocks pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity in non-polar materials. SrTiO3 surfaces exhibit intrinsic pyroelectricity, tunable via SiO2 capping, opening new avenues for advanced materials.

Keywords:

SrTiO3 broken symmetry strontium titanate surface pyroelectricity

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Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics

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Published on: August 30, 2024

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Surface Science

Background:

Symmetry restrictions limit pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials to specific crystallographic classes.
Breaking lattice symmetry offers a route to circumvent these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally demonstrate intrinsic pyroelectricity at the surface of a non-pyroelectric material.
To investigate the mechanism and tunability of surface-induced pyroelectricity.

Main Methods:

Measurement of transient currents upon rapid heating to detect pyroelectricity.
Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) to model surface relaxation and symmetry breaking.
Employing SiO2 capping layers to tune surface properties.

Main Results:

The (100) surface of TiO2-terminated SrTiO3 exhibits intrinsic pyroelectricity at room temperature.
A ≈1 nm thick pyroelectric layer with polarization comparable to BaTiO3 was observed.
The pyroelectric effect could be reversibly switched ON/OFF using a nanometric SiO2 layer.
DFT calculations confirmed polar surface relaxation as the origin of pyroelectricity.

Conclusions:

Surface engineering can induce pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity in materials lacking these bulk properties.
The findings suggest a general approach for designing novel functional materials by breaking symmetry at surfaces or interfaces.