Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.9K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.6K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
3.6K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

4.0K
The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
4.0K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.2K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.2K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.3K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.3K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

9.5K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
9.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical evaluation of photochromic nanoparticle tattoo ink: safety, tolerability, and performance of rewritable intradermal implants.

Journal of nanobiotechnology·2026
Same author

Repeated treatment with short-term mild stress reverses aging- and stress-induced emotional and social behavioral deficits.

Experimental & molecular medicine·2026
Same author

A pothole-filling strategy for selective targeting of rCUG-repeats associated with myotonic dystrophy type 1.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Spatially Resolved Single-Water Entropy around Amino Acids and Its Link to Hydropathy.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Water drives sequential breakdown of dynamic nanodomains in deep eutectic electrolytes.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Cationic Point Defect Fluoride to Improve Reaction Kinetics in (All) Solid-State Li Batteries.

ACS nano·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyltroponeiron
07:56

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyltroponeiron

Published on: August 12, 2019

8.3K

Arresting an Unusual Amide Tautomer Using Divalent Cations.

Somnath M Kashid1,2, Reman K Singh3, Hyejin Kwon4

  • 1Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , India.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|September 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Divalent cations like calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) stabilize proteins by triggering a rare amide tautomer equilibrium. This cation binding to amide oxygen reveals new insights into biomolecular structure and stability.

More Related Videos

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.2K
Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyltroponeiron
07:56

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyltroponeiron

Published on: August 12, 2019

8.3K
Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
09:22

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

Published on: February 7, 2017

8.2K
Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Ion-specific effects significantly influence peptide and protein structure and stability.
  • The roles of cations, particularly divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), in protein function are less understood compared to anions.
  • Divalent cations are essential for numerous biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of divalent cation binding on amide groups in aqueous solutions.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which divalent cations influence biomolecular structure and stability.
  • To explore the potential applications of cation-induced amide tautomerization.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental studies involving aqueous solutions.
  • Theoretical calculations to model cation-amide interactions.
  • Spectroscopic analysis to confirm the formation of amide tautomers.

Main Results:

  • Divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) bind to the amide oxygen.
  • This binding triggers an amide-iminolate equilibrium.
  • An unusual amide tautomer is arrested by the divalent cations, confirmed by experimental and theoretical data.

Conclusions:

  • Divalent cation binding to amide oxygen induces a rarely observed amide tautomer.
  • This phenomenon provides a new understanding of ion-specific effects on biomolecules.
  • The findings suggest potential applications in chemistry and biology related to molecular stabilization and function.