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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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Measurement of Aggregate Cohesion by Tissue Surface Tensiometry
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Surface tension determines tissue shape and growth kinetics.

S Ehrig1, B Schamberger2, C M Bidan1,3

  • 1Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.

Science Advances
|September 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tissues exhibit liquid-like behavior and form shapes with constant mean curvature when growing on curved surfaces. This emergent property relies on active cellular forces and mechano-biological feedback, highlighting the importance of cell-environment interactions in tissue development.

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Area of Science:

  • * Biophysics
  • * Developmental Biology
  • * Cell Mechanics

Background:

  • * Collective cell self-organization drives emergent physical properties in tissues.
  • * Understanding tissue shape emergence is crucial for developmental biology and tissue engineering.
  • * Mechanical signaling plays a key role in cellular processes and tissue formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate how tissues growing on curved surfaces adopt specific shapes.
  • * To explore the role of mechano-biological feedback in tissue growth and form.
  • * To determine the contribution of active cellular forces to tissue's liquid-like behavior.

Main Methods:

  • * Culturing tissues on substrates with varying curvatures.
  • * Analyzing the geometric properties of the resulting tissue shapes, focusing on mean curvature.
  • * Modulating cell-contractility to assess its impact on tissue behavior.
  • * Quantifying tissue deposition in response to substrate geometry.

Main Results:

  • * Tissues growing on curved surfaces develop shapes with constant mean curvature, mimicking liquid behavior.
  • * Tissue deposition is substrate-dependent, with increased growth on concave surfaces, indicating mechano-biological feedback.
  • * Inhibition of cell-contractility impairs liquid-like behavior and tissue growth, underscoring the role of active cellular forces.
  • * Active cellular forces are essential for generating surface stresses necessary for tissue shape and growth.

Conclusions:

  • * Mechanical signaling and cell-environment interactions are fundamental to emergent tissue shape.
  • * Active cellular forces are critical for achieving liquid-like tissue behavior and growth.
  • * The study provides insights into principles governing tissue morphogenesis and self-organization.