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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Using Multilayered Hydrogel Bioink in Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Homogeneous Cell Distribution

Using Multilayered Hydrogel Bioink in Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Homogeneous Cell Distribution

Published on: May 2, 2020

Biocompatible Ink Optimization Enables Functional Volumetric Bioprinting With Xolography.

Erik Brauer¹, Aiste Balciunaite², Matthias R Kollert^3,4

¹Center for the Science of Materials Berlin (CSMB) and Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University, 12489, Berlin, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|November 30, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study defines design principles for cell-compatible Xolography bioinks, ensuring high cell viability and function for advanced bioprinting applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Keywords:

3D printing Xolography biohybrid robotics bioprinting tissue engineering

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Materials Science
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Xolography offers high precision and speed in manufacturing but faces limitations in bioprinting due to poor biocompatibility.
Understanding cell viability constraints in Xolography bioinks is crucial for its application in tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

Establish fundamental design principles for cell-compatible Xolography bioinks.
Define a framework for bioink formulations enabling support-free fabrication with maintained cell viability and function.

Main Methods:

Systematic study of extracellular pH, osmolality, and lysosomotropic stress on cell viability and function.
Validation of bioink formulations using various murine and human cell lines, primary cells, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells.

Main Results:

Defined bioink formulation framework enabling fast, support-free fabrication with >90% cell viability.
BisTris demonstrated biocompatibility as a co-initiator, unlike triethanolamine, maintaining cell metabolic activity and differentiation.
Successful fabrication of complex cell-laden constructs including ECM formation, endothelial sprouting, and iPSC-derived hepatocyte maintenance.

Conclusions:

Xolography bioprinting is a viable platform for creating complex, cell-laden structures.
The established bioink design principles facilitate applications in tissue engineering, organ-on-a-chip models, and regenerative medicine.