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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
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Analgesic Effect Of Direct Breastfeeding During BCG Vaccination In Healthy Neonates.

Jawad Yousaf Dar1, Lutfullah Goheer2, Sajid Ali Shah1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
|September 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Breastfeeding significantly reduces crying duration in neonates during painful procedures like BCG vaccination. This non-pharmacological method offers effective pain relief for infants.

Keywords:
Breast feedingNeonatal pain; BCG; Immunization

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal care
  • Pediatric pain management
  • Lactation studies

Background:

  • Neonatal procedural pain has long-term adverse effects.
  • Non-pharmacological interventions are widely used for pain reduction in developed countries.
  • Breastfeeding is recognized as an effective analgesic for mild to moderate neonatal pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of breastfeeding as a pain-reducing intervention during the BCG vaccination procedure in neonates.
  • To compare the crying duration in neonates who were breastfed versus those who received routine care during vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving neonates undergoing BCG vaccination.
  • The experimental group received breastfeeding during vaccination, while the control group received routine care.
  • Crying duration was measured using a digital stopwatch from needle insertion until the neonate remained silent for over 5 seconds.

Main Results:

  • Neonates in the experimental group exhibited a significantly shorter mean crying duration compared to the control group.
  • The mean crying duration was 16.48s (±12.76s) in the breastfeeding group versus 34.93s (±45.26s) in the routine care group.
  • A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in mean crying times between the two groups.

Conclusions:

  • Breastfeeding demonstrably reduces the duration of crying in neonates during the BCG immunization procedure.
  • Breastfeeding serves as an effective non-pharmacological analgesic for mitigating pain during minor painful procedures in neonates.