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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
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Termination of Translation01:44

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Criticism in a foreign language hurts less.

Shan Gao1,2, Lizhu Luo2, Ting Gou1

  • 1School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.

Cognition & Emotion
|September 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals experienced less unpleasantness from criticism when it was delivered in English compared to Chinese. However, cognitive assessments of the statements showed no cross-language differences, suggesting language impacts emotional responses but not necessarily cognitive evaluations.

Keywords:
Bilingualcriticismpleasantnesspraisetruthfulness

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Effective social communication is crucial in an increasingly globalized world.
  • Emotional responses to social feedback can vary based on the language used.
  • Understanding these language-induced emotional differences is key for cross-cultural interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in emotionality associated with social evaluations (praise and criticism) presented in native (Chinese) versus foreign (English) languages among Chinese-English bilinguals.
  • To examine how language influences affective (emotional pleasure/displeasure) and cognitive (truthfulness) judgments of self-referential statements.

Main Methods:

  • Chinese-English bilingual participants were presented with self-referential praising and criticizing statements.
  • Statements were delivered in both their native Chinese and foreign English languages.
  • Participants rated their affective responses (pleasure) and cognitive judgments (truthfulness) for each statement.

Main Results:

  • Criticism was perceived as more unpleasant than praise across both languages.
  • The unpleasantness of criticism was significantly reduced when presented in English compared to Chinese.
  • No significant cross-language differences were observed in the cognitive assessment of statement truthfulness.

Conclusions:

  • Language plays a role in modulating the emotional impact of social evaluations, particularly negative feedback.
  • English may elicit a less negative emotional response to criticism compared to Chinese for bilinguals.
  • Findings suggest that language choice can influence affective social communication, while cognitive processing of the content remains comparable.