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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Enamel thickness and dental development in Rudapithecus hungaricus.

Tanya M Smith1, Paul Tafforeau2, Joane Pouech3

  • 1Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.

Journal of Human Evolution
|September 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rudapithecus hungaricus fossils reveal unique enamel thickness and dental development patterns. These findings support its classification as a hominid, offering insights into early ape evolution.

Keywords:
Crown formation timeDryopithecineGreat ape evolutionMiocene hominoidPrimate tooth growthSynchrotron microcomputed tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Primate Evolution
  • Dental Morphology

Background:

  • The Miocene epoch is crucial for understanding hominoid evolution.
  • Fossil discoveries, especially teeth and jaws, are key to reconstructing hominoid relationships.
  • Internal tooth structure and development provide insights into primate evolutionary radiations and affinities to living great apes (hominids).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize full-dentition enamel thickness and dental development in juvenile Rudapithecus hungaricus.
  • To compare these features with extant great apes and other Miocene hominoids.
  • To assess the phylogenetic position of Rudapithecus within hominoid evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of multiple imaging modalities on juvenile Rudapithecus hungaricus dentition.
  • Measurement of relative enamel thickness (RET) in anterior teeth, premolars, and molars.
  • Assessment of long-period line periodicity, mean cuspal daily secretion rate, and cusp-specific molar crown formation times.

Main Results:

  • Rudapithecus exhibits intermediate molar RET, similar to dryopithecines, with anterior teeth and premolars akin to gorillas and chimpanzees.
  • Long-period line periodicity is comparable to African apes, while secretion rates exceed extant great apes.
  • Molar crown formation times are generally longer than chimpanzees but shorter than orangutans, aligning with other Miocene apes.

Conclusions:

  • Rudapithecus hungaricus displays a unique combination of enamel thickness and dental development patterns.
  • These features are consistent with its classification as a hominid.
  • The study contributes to understanding the diversity and evolutionary pathways of Miocene hominoids.