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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Self-Stabilized Precipitation Polymerization and Its Application.

Zhenjie Liu1, Dong Chen1, Jinfang Zhang1

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

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|September 25, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new self-stabilized precipitation (2SP) polymerization method creates valuable functional copolymer nanoparticles from unused petroleum olefinic compounds. This green technique offers simple production of uniform, size-tunable nanoparticles with potential for industrial scale-up.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Petroleum Processing

Background:

  • Petroleum processing generates large quantities of olefinic compounds beyond ethylene and propylene.
  • Finding value-added applications for these abundant olefinic fractions remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel polymerization method for utilizing abundant, underutilized olefinic compounds.
  • To create functional copolymer nanoparticles with controlled size and narrow distribution.
  • To establish a green and industrially viable synthetic strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a heterogeneous polymerization technique termed self-stabilized precipitation (2SP) polymerization.
  • Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles (NPs) without stabilizers or crosslinkers.
  • Utilized single olefinic monomers or complex olefinic mixtures (C4/C5/C9 fractions).

Main Results:

  • Generated functional copolymer particles from diverse olefinic feedstocks.
  • Achieved self-limiting NP size and narrow size distribution.
  • Demonstrated a simple NP separation process with reusable supernatant liquid.

Conclusions:

  • The 2SP polymerization is a simple, efficient, and green strategy for producing uniform, size-tunable, functional polymeric nanoparticles.
  • This method transforms unused olefinic compounds into valuable copolymers.
  • The technique shows significant potential for industrial production.