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Arthropod segmentation.

Erik Clark1,2, Andrew D Peel3, Michael Akam2

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA erik_clark@hms.harvard.edu.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|September 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arthropod segmentation utilizes a clock-and-wavefront mechanism, similar to vertebrate development. This review explores conserved gene networks and varied segmentation timing, including the evolution of double-segment periodicity and simultaneous segmentation.

Keywords:
ArthropodsDrosophilaPair-rule genesPatterningSegmentationTribolium

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Many arthropods pattern segments using a clock-and-wavefront mechanism.
  • This process is analogous to vertebrate somitogenesis.
  • Understanding this mechanism is key to arthropod development and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the arthropod segmentation clock and its role in gene expression.
  • To discuss the conversion of pair-rule gene expression to segment-polarity patterns.
  • To explore the conservation and variation of segmentation mechanisms across arthropods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on arthropod segmentation.
  • Analysis of gene regulatory networks involved in segmentation.
  • Comparative analysis of segmentation timing and periodicity across species.

Main Results:

  • The segmentation clock generates repeating pair-rule gene expression patterns.
  • Timing factor wavefronts convert pair-rule patterns into segment-polarity patterns.
  • Gene regulatory networks are conserved, but segmentation timing varies widely.
  • Double-segment periodicity evolved at least twice independently.
  • Simultaneous segmentation in holometabolan insects results from heterochronic shifts and pre-patterning.

Conclusions:

  • The clock-and-wavefront mechanism is a fundamental process in arthropod segmentation.
  • Evolutionary modifications in timing and gene expression drive diversity in segmentation patterns.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developmental plasticity and evolutionary innovation.