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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

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Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Medication Adverse Reaction, Risk Stratification (MAR²S) Model.

Corey M Cronrath, Matthew P Klick, Chad M Merfeld

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |September 28, 2019
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    Aerospace medicine can improve medication safety by using a new conceptual model to assess drug risks. This model offers a more transparent, simple, and faster approach than traditional subject matter expert opinions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Pharmacology
    • Risk Management

    Background:

    • Medications pose risks within aviation systems, necessitating risk analysis and mitigation.
    • The Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) processed numerous medication waiver requests and prescriptions for active duty soldiers.
    • Specific drug classes like opioids, SSRIs, muscle relaxants, and hypnotics were frequently prescribed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a conceptual model for mitigating medication-related risks in aviation.
    • To address deficiencies in current methods for assessing medication safety, such as high variance and ambiguity.

    Main Methods:

    • A conceptual model was developed based on Prudhomme et al.'s methodology to mitigate medication adverse reaction risks by severity score.
    • Statistical analysis, including the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test, was used to compare safe and unsafe drugs.

    Main Results:

    • The mean severity score for historically safe medications in Army aviation was 7346 (SD=7300).
    • A highly significant difference was found between safe and unsafe drugs as determined by subject matter experts (SMEs).

    Conclusions:

    • Current methods for assessing medication safety in aviation have significant room for improvement.
    • A new model is needed that offers transparency, simplicity, and speed in addressing adverse drug reactions.
    • The conceptual model provides a visual representation highlighting areas for enhancement in current risk mitigation strategies.