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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
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Insulin Therapy: Future Perspectives.

Simona Cernea1,2, Itamar Raz3

  • 1Department M3/Internal Medicine IV, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania.

American Journal of Therapeutics
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advancements in insulin therapy, including new formulations and delivery systems, aim to improve diabetes management. Smart insulins and digital tools offer future potential for better glucose control and quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Insufficient insulin secretion is central to diabetes mellitus pathogenesis, making insulin therapy essential.
  • Despite progress, insulin therapy faces challenges like immunogenicity, dosing precision, and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in insulin formulations and delivery systems for diabetes management.
  • To explore emerging technologies like smart insulins and digital diabetes care.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
  • Inclusion of original articles, reviews, editorials, and meta-analyses.

Main Results:

  • Development of ultralong and ultrarapid insulin analogues for improved glucose profiles.
  • Emergence of smart (glucose-responsive) insulins and advanced delivery devices (jet injectors, smart pens, patch pumps).
  • Exploration of alternative delivery routes (pulmonary, nasal, oral, transdermal) and significant progress in digital diabetes care.

Conclusions:

  • Novel insulin formulations, advanced delivery methods, and digital technologies show great potential.
  • These innovations are expected to enhance metabolic control and improve the quality of life for individuals with diabetes.