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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming extracellular vesicles with engineered proteins.

Xiaojing Shi1, Qinqin Cheng1, Yong Zhang2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming extracellular vesicles (EVs) enhances their therapeutic potential for diseases like cancer and inflammation. This review covers engineering methods and applications of these modified EVs.

Keywords:
Cell-free therapyDrug deliveryExtracellular vesiclesFusion proteinProtein engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as promising cell-free therapeutic agents.
  • EVs show potential in treating diverse conditions including cancer, tissue injuries, and inflammatory diseases.
  • Modifying native EVs can expand their therapeutic applications beyond inherent functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current state-of-the-art methods for engineering extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • To summarize the major therapeutic applications of reprogrammed EVs.
  • To highlight the potential of engineered EVs in cell-free therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of genetic engineering techniques for EV modification.
  • Exploration of non-genetic approaches for EV reprogramming.
  • Compilation of data on therapeutic outcomes of engineered EVs.

Main Results:

  • Engineering strategies significantly enhance EV targeting and payload delivery.
  • Reprogrammed EVs demonstrate improved efficacy in preclinical models of various diseases.
  • A wide range of therapeutic applications are being explored for engineered EVs.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered EVs represent a powerful platform for advanced cell-free therapies.
  • Further research into EV engineering holds significant promise for treating complex diseases.
  • Reprogrammed EVs offer a versatile and tunable therapeutic modality.