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Lead-Bismuth Eutectic: Atomic and Micro-Scale Melt Evolution.

Roberto Montanari1, Alessandra Varone2, Luca Gregoratti3

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Roma, Italy. roberto.montanari@uniroma2.it.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy structural order evolves from cuboctahedral to icosahedral with increasing temperature. This transformation, driven by reduced Pb-Pb distances, leads to greater elemental homogeneity in the liquid metal.

Keywords:
HT-XRDSPEMXPSchemical homogeneityliquid Pb–Bi eutectic alloyshort range order

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Metallurgy

Background:

  • Liquid metal alloys, particularly lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), are crucial in advanced nuclear reactor designs.
  • Understanding the atomic and microstructural evolution of LBE at high temperatures is essential for safety and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the element clustering and structural features of liquid LBE up to 720 °C.
  • To elucidate the atomic arrangement changes and homogenization processes with increasing temperature.

Main Methods:

  • High-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) for structural analysis.
  • X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Photoemission Microscopy (SPEM) for elemental and chemical state analysis.
  • Utilized synchrotron radiation at Elettra for high-resolution measurements.

Main Results:

  • Short-range order transitions from cuboctahedral to icosahedral arrangements as temperature increases.
  • Observed a negative thermal expansion attributed to reduced Pb-Pb interatomic distances (350-520 °C).
  • Pb-Bi pairs form above ~350 °C, increasing with temperature, leading to enhanced elemental distribution. Micro-scale homogenization precedes and accompanies atomic-scale chemical homogenization.

Conclusions:

  • The structural evolution of LBE is temperature-dependent, favoring icosahedral order at higher temperatures.
  • Homogenization occurs through the dissolution of Bi- and Pb-rich clusters, enhancing the uniform distribution of elements.
  • These findings provide critical insights into the behavior of LBE under operational conditions.