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Hydraulic Jump01:29

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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The generalized Hooke's Law is a broadened version of Hooke's Law, which extends to all types of stress and in every direction. Consider an isotropic material shaped into a cube subjected to multiaxial loading. In this scenario, normal stresses are exerted along the three coordinate axes. As a result of these stresses, the cubic shape deforms into a rectangular parallelepiped. Despite this deformation, the new shape maintains equal sides, and there is a normal strain in the direction of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography
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Haines jumps: Pore scale mechanisms.

Zhonghao Sun1, J Carlos Santamarina1

  • 1Earth Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.

Physical Review. E
|October 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Haines instabilities are sudden fluid interface jumps in porous media. These jumps, driven by soft systems and specific pore geometries, impact fluid flow and trapping.

Area of Science:

  • Multiphase flow in porous media
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Haines instabilities involve sudden fluid interface jumps, causing redistribution and pressure changes.
  • These instabilities influence displacement patterns, fingered invasion, fluid trapping, and saturation hysteresis in porous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the conditions leading to Haines jumps.
  • To identify key parameters governing Haines instabilities in soft systems.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed analysis of pressure-volume response across pore throats.
  • Experimental investigation of fluid displacement in porous media.
  • Derivation and application of the elastocapillary number (N_ec).

Main Results:

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  • Haines jumps occur when the pressure-volume response is multivalued, during advancing or receding tests.
  • Soft systems, including entrapped gas bubbles or compliant substrates, are prone to these instabilities.
  • The elastocapillary number (N_ec < 1) predicts susceptibility to Haines instabilities, influenced by pore geometry, fluid properties, and interfacial tension.

Conclusions:

  • Haines jumps are linked to multivalued pressure-volume responses in soft porous systems.
  • The elastocapillary number is a critical parameter for predicting Haines instabilities.
  • Instabilities are more likely in systems with constricted pores, low contact angles, and high interfacial tension.