Monitoring G-Quadruplex Formation with DNA Carriers and Solid-State Nanopores

G-quadruplexes (Gqs) are guanine-rich DNA structures formed by single-stranded DNA. They are of paramount significance to gene expression regulation, but also drug targets for cancer and human viruses. Current ensemble and single-molecule methods require fluorescent labels, which can affect Gq folding kinetics. Here we introduce, a single-molecule Gq nanopore assay (smGNA) to detect Gqs and kinetics of Gq formation. We use ∼5 nm solid-state nanopores to detect various Gq structural variants attached to designed DNA carriers. Gqs can be identified by localizing their positions along designed DNA carriers, establishing smGNA as a tool for Gq mapping. In addition, smGNA allows for discrimination of (un)folded Gq structures, provides insights into single-molecule kinetics of Gq folding, and probes quadruplex-to-duplex structural transitions. smGNA can elucidate the formation of Gqs at the single-molecule level without labeling and has potential implications on the study of these structures both in single-stranded DNA and in genomic samples.