Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

324
Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
324
Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

375
Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
375
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

818
Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform...
818
Energy Considerations in Open Channel Flow01:27

Energy Considerations in Open Channel Flow

541
Open channel flow, where a fluid flows with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere, is primarily governed by gravitational and surface effects, distinguishing it from closed conduit or pipe flow. In open channels such as rivers, canals, and artificial channels, energy analysis provides valuable insights into flow behavior and the relationship between depth, velocity, and slope.Specific Energy and Flow DepthIn open channel flow, the specific energy, E, combines the gravitational potential...
541
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

2.1K
Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
2.1K
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

393
Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
393

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

GLORIF1, a global river flow dataset created by integrating process-based modelling and machine learning.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Global Gridded Climate-Responsive Crop Selection: Sowing Dates and Crop Varieties in a Warming World.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Mapping the Spatial Sensitivity of Aquitard Hydraulic Parameters on Pumping Test Drawdowns.

Ground water·2025
Same author

Current trends and biases in groundwater modelling using the community-driven groundwater model portal (GroMoPo).

Hydrogeology journal·2025
Same author

Global energy consumption of water treatment technologies.

Water research·2025
Same author

Groundwater-dependent ecosystem map exposes global dryland protection needs.

Nature·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
08:09

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Published on: August 19, 2018

9.5K

Environmental flow limits to global groundwater pumping.

Inge E M de Graaf1,2,3, Tom Gleeson4, L P H Rens van Beek5

  • 1Chair of Environmental Hydrological Systems, Faculty of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. inge.de.graaf@hydrology.uni-freiburg.de.

Nature
|October 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Groundwater pumping significantly reduces streamflow, threatening aquatic ecosystems. By 2050, many watersheds may fail to sustain critical environmental flows due to declining groundwater levels.

More Related Videos

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
11:19

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Published on: October 21, 2016

12.3K
Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events
06:26

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Published on: November 7, 2017

17.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
08:09

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Published on: August 19, 2018

9.5K
Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
11:19

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Published on: October 21, 2016

12.3K
Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events
06:26

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Published on: November 7, 2017

17.5K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Hydrology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Groundwater is a vital freshwater resource crucial for irrigation and global food security.
  • Unsustainable groundwater extraction, particularly in irrigated regions, leads to declining water levels and storage losses.
  • Reduced groundwater levels diminish streamflow, impacting aquatic ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To globally link groundwater level declines from pumping to streamflow reductions.
  • To estimate the extent and timing of when critical environmental streamflows will be unsustainable.
  • To assess the future environmental consequences of groundwater use.

Main Methods:

  • Global analysis linking groundwater level changes to streamflow alterations.
  • Modeling to predict the onset of unsustainable environmental flow conditions.
  • Evaluation of the relationship between groundwater pumping rates and streamflow impacts.

Main Results:

  • Groundwater pumping is projected to cause critical environmental flow limits to be reached in 42-79% of global watersheds by 2050.
  • These flow limits are often reached before significant groundwater storage depletion is observed.
  • The effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow are delayed but can be severe, impacting aquatic ecosystems.

Conclusions:

  • Groundwater depletion poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems by reducing streamflow.
  • Urgent management strategies are needed to mitigate the environmental impacts of groundwater extraction.
  • The delayed effects of groundwater pumping necessitate proactive measures to ensure future water availability and ecosystem health.