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Macroevolutionary evidence suggests trait-dependent coevolution between behavior and life-history.

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Summary

Species with fast life histories show increased aggression, suggesting a trade-off favoring current reproduction. This risky behavior, crucial for securing resources and mates, coevolves with life-history pace in killifish.

Keywords:
Killifishlife-history trade-offspace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesisrisk-taking behaviorstandard metabolic rate (SMR)

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Life-history theory

Background:

  • Species with fast life histories prioritize current reproduction over future events.
  • Fast life-history species require greater energy for reproduction and have less time to realize reproductive potential.
  • Risky behaviors that enhance resource and mating access may coevolve with life-history pace, despite increased mortality risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coevolution of risky behaviors (activity, boldness, aggression) and metabolic rate with life-history pace.
  • To test predictions across 20 killifish species with divergent life-history strategies.
  • To determine if trade-offs between current and future reproduction influence behavioral evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of 20 killifish species.
  • Quantification of life-history pace, activity, boldness, aggression, and metabolic rate.
  • Statistical assessment of associations between life-history pace and behavioral/metabolic traits.

Main Results:

  • A positive association was found between the pace of life-history and aggression.
  • No significant association was observed between life-history pace and activity, boldness, or metabolic rate.
  • Aggression in killifish is linked to interference competition and securing mates.

Conclusions:

  • The trade-off between current and future reproduction significantly shapes mating behavior, particularly aggression.
  • Energy acquisition behaviors (activity, boldness) may be more influenced by ecological factors than life-history pace.
  • Evolutionary pressures on life-history pace differentially affect various behavioral strategies.