[Thyroid nodules and thyroid differentiated cancers: an update on diagnosis and surgical management.]

The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancers has increased in the past 30 years, mainly due to overdiagnosis. It is therefore crucial to adapt diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to avoid overtreatment that exposes patients to unnecessary risks. Accordingly, international guidelines on the subject are regularly updated. Ultrasound and cytology guide the management for thyroid nodules. Some microcarcinomas can now be actively followed without immediate surgery, and some low-risk cancers can be adequately treated with lobo-isthmectomy. The indications for central neck dissection remain controversial. Technological advances allow minimizing specific complications of thyroid surgery and facilitate scarless surgery.