Long-term Variation in Agricultural Edge-of-Field Phosphorus Transport during Snowmelt, Rain, and Mixed Runoff Events

Runoff of nutrients and erosion of soil from agricultural lands affect soil fertility and are important nonpoint contributors of P and N to surface and ground waters, yet studies of edge-of-field nutrient transport from snowmelt or rainfall runoff on frozen ground are limited. The objective of this study was to quantify the temporal and spatial variation in edge-of-field snowmelt, rain, and mixed (rain on snow) runoff events for sediment and P loadings in five agricultural subwatersheds over a 12-yr period. Edge-of-field runoff events from five subwatersheds at Pioneer Farm near Platteville, WI, ranging in size from approximately 4 to 30 ha were sampled using automated samplers from 2002 through 2014 to determine sediment and P yields (mass loads). Mean dissolved reactive P (DRP) runoff concentrations for each event type (rain = 1.24 mg L, snow = 1.90 mg L, mix = 2.23 mg L) were above total P (TP) water quality guidelines for surface waters. The percentages of TP that was DRP for snow, mixed, and rain events were 74, 84, and 39%, respectively. Although variation in total annual P yield in edge-of-field runoff was noted between years and among sites within a given year, when aggregated over the study period, the subwatersheds showed similar transport characteristics with respect to DRP and TP yield. This study highlights the importance of examining long-term datasets in quantifying annual yields and understanding the timing of DRP and TP transport for developing best management practices and improving model accuracy in cold weather agricultural systems.