Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

7.9K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
7.9K
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

8.1K
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
8.1K
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

13.8K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
13.8K
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

9.2K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
9.2K
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

4.6K
Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
4.6K
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

3.7K
A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intersurgeon Variability in Proptosis Reduction After Orbital Decompression for Thyroid Eye Disease: A Multicenter Analysis.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2025
Same author

A Case of Malignant Transformation of an Orbital Epidermoid Cyst to Cystic Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2024
Same author

A rare case of acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma presenting on non-sun exposed palpebral conjunctiva.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports·2024
Same author

High Rates of Inadequate Urine Volume Cause Failure of Clinic Based Uroflowmetry in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

Urology practice·2023
Same author

Orbital Artifacts on MRI.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2023
Same author

Bilateral Globe Penetration From Electromyography Electrode Placement for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring.

Journal of vitreoretinal diseases·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Anterior HR-OCT as a Non-Invasive Tool for Characterizing Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
06:15

Author Spotlight: Anterior HR-OCT as a Non-Invasive Tool for Characterizing Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.8K

The Programmed Death Pathway in Ocular Adnexal Sebaceous Carcinoma.

Randy C Bowen1, Brendan M Lawson2, Nicole M Jody2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|October 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study found that immune checkpoint ligands PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 are expressed in sebaceous carcinoma. PD-1 blockade may offer a new adjuvant therapy for this difficult-to-treat cancer.

More Related Videos

Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts
10:27

Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts

Published on: July 25, 2020

7.7K
Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography
05:46

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: December 2, 2022

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Anterior HR-OCT as a Non-Invasive Tool for Characterizing Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
06:15

Author Spotlight: Anterior HR-OCT as a Non-Invasive Tool for Characterizing Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.8K
Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts
10:27

Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts

Published on: July 25, 2020

7.7K
Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography
05:46

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: December 2, 2022

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare, aggressive skin cancer with limited treatment options.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown efficacy in various cancers, but their role in sebaceous carcinoma is unclear.
  • Understanding the tumor microenvironment and immune response is crucial for developing novel therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in sebaceous carcinoma.
  • To evaluate the presence of these markers on both tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells.
  • To explore the potential of immune checkpoint blockade as an adjuvant therapy for sebaceous carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 28 sebaceous carcinoma cases diagnosed between 1990 and 2017.
  • Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2.
  • Tumor and immune cells were considered positive for expression if ≥5% of cells exhibited membranous staining.

Main Results:

  • PD-L1 and PD-1 were not significantly expressed on tumor cells.
  • PD-L1 and PD-1 were expressed on infiltrating immune cells in 46% and 25% of cases, respectively.
  • PD-L2 showed positive expression on tumor cells in 46% of cases and on infiltrating immune cells in 38% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 expression on immune cells and PD-L2 on tumor cells may hinder anti-tumor T-cell responses.
  • PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors could be potential therapeutic options for sebaceous carcinoma.
  • PD-1 blockade, particularly given the prevalence of PD-L2 expression, may offer advantages and warrants further investigation as an adjuvant therapy.