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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Gamma Ray Glow Observations at 20-km Altitude.

N Østgaard1, H J Christian2, J E Grove3

  • 1Birkeland Centre for Space Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway.

Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres : JGR
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Energetic radiation from thunderstorms was observed using an ER-2 aircraft. Analysis suggests an inverted cloud charge structure, but the exact gamma-ray glow mechanism remains undetermined.

Keywords:
atmospheric electricitygamma ray glowlightningthundercloud

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric physics
  • Thunderstorm research
  • Gamma-ray astronomy

Background:

  • Thunderstorms produce energetic radiation, including gamma rays.
  • Understanding these phenomena is crucial for atmospheric and astrophysical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate energetic radiation from thunderstorms and lightning.
  • To analyze gamma-ray glow events observed over Colorado.
  • To explore the cloud's charge structure and potential radiation production mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • An ER-2 aircraft campaign over the continental United States in spring 2017.
  • Utilized a payload of instruments to detect optical signals, electric fields, and gamma rays.
  • Analyzed two specific gamma-ray glow events using flight data, radar, and radio measurements.

Main Results:

  • Observed gamma-ray glow events over Colorado on May 8, 2017.
  • The thundercloud system exhibited strong convection.
  • Electric field, radar, and radio data suggest an inverted charge structure (upper negative, lower positive).

Conclusions:

  • The precise mechanism for gamma-ray glow production remains ambiguous.
  • Possible mechanisms include local cosmic background enhancement by electric fields or enhancement within the cloud with a strong electric field.
  • Further research is needed to definitively determine the gamma-ray production pathway.