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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells
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Human Germline Genome Editing: An Assessment.

Henry T Greely1

  • 1Center for Law and Biosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

The CRISPR Journal
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Human germline genome editing (GGE) is not inherently unethical but is unlikely to be useful soon. Safer alternatives exist for single-gene diseases, with limited applications for complex genetic conditions in the near future.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Bioethics
  • Human Genome Editing

Background:

  • Human germline genome editing (GGE) involves altering the DNA of sperm, eggs, or embryos.
  • The ethical permissibility and practical utility of GGE remain subjects of intense debate.
  • Existing technologies like preimplantation genetic testing offer alternatives for preventing genetic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically assess the ethical considerations surrounding human germline genome editing (GGE).
  • To evaluate the near-term and mid-term utility of GGE for preventing genetic diseases.
  • To compare GGE with alternative reproductive and therapeutic genetic technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Ethical analysis of GGE based on the concept of the human germline genome.

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  • Comparative assessment of GGE efficacy against preimplantation genetic testing and somatic cell gene therapy.
  • Review of current genomic knowledge relevant to multigenic and enhancement applications of GGE.

    • Main Results:

    • GGE is not inherently unethical due to the dynamic and human-influenced nature of the germline.
    • GGE is unlikely to be highly useful in the near to mid-term for most genetic conditions.
    • Preimplantation genetic testing and somatic cell gene therapy are generally safer and more effective for single-gene disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • GGE may offer advantages for rare couples with specific recessive or dominant conditions.
    • Current genomic knowledge limits the application of GGE for multigenic traits or enhancements.
    • Further research and technological advancements are necessary before widespread GGE applications can be considered.