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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable Elements.

G Guffanti1, A Bartlett2, P DeCrescenzo3

  • 1McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA. gguffantimasetti@mclean.harvard.edu.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|October 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs), like LINEs and SINEs, are crucial for genome regulation and linked to psychiatric disorders. Research in animal models and humans highlights their functional role and potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
Epigenomic regulationExapationNeuropsychiatric disordersTherapeutic targetingTransposable elements

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) comprise up to two-thirds of the human genome.
  • TEs (e.g., LINEs, SINEs, SVAs, HERVs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in genomic plasticity and gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current research on the role of TEs in neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • To explore the functional mechanisms of TEs in behavior and their therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TE research in animal models and human studies.
  • Analysis of next-generation sequencing data to understand TE-disorder relationships.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a functional role for TEs in mechanisms underlying various brain disorders.
  • TEs influence genomic plasticity and gene expression, impacting behavior.

Conclusions:

  • TEs are integral to brain function and dysfunction, offering new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research, aided by advanced sequencing, will clarify TE involvement in psychiatric conditions.