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Related Concept Videos

Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete01:28

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

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Non-structural cracks are primarily of three types: plastic, early-age thermal, and drying shrinkage cracks. Plastic cracks are further classified into plastic shrinkage cracks and plastic settlement cracks.
Plastic shrinkage cracks typically form within hours after the concrete is poured. The concrete's surface dries faster than the bottom, creating tensile stress that the still-plastic concrete cannot withstand, leading to diagonal or randomly patterned cracks on the concrete surface.
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Related Experiment Video

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In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions
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Crack formation during solid pyrolysis: evolution, pattern formation and statistical behaviour.

Yen T Nguyen1, Thomas J Pence1, Indrek S Wichman1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

Proceedings. Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

During combustion, solid materials degrade and crack. This study models crack formation, finding that the cracking threshold significantly influences crack patterns and evolution in charring materials.

Keywords:
crack growthcrack morphologyshrinkage stressthermal decomposition

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Area of Science:

  • Combustion Science
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Solid materials degrade during combustion, losing structural integrity and forming defects like cracks.
  • Material degradation is intrinsically linked to crack formation, impacting overall structural behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and numerically simulate a theoretical model for crack formation during the pyrolysis of charring materials.
  • To investigate the influence of the cracking threshold on crack initiation, evolution, distribution, and behavior.

Main Methods:

  • A theoretical model was developed to describe coupled material degradation and crack formation.
  • The finite-element method was used for numerical simulation of a rubber-like material subjected to localized heat flux.
  • The cracking threshold was systematically varied to analyze its effects.

Main Results:

  • Crack formation is dependent on the ratio of the cracking threshold to the maximum principal stress.
  • Two distinct domains of crack formation behavior were identified based on crack initiation.
  • Correlations were established for crack length evolution and final crack length as functions of the stress ratio.

Conclusions:

  • The cracking threshold is a critical parameter governing crack patterns and evolution in pyrolyzing materials.
  • The study provides quantitative insights into crack spacing, total length, and initiation time.
  • Understanding these relationships is crucial for predicting material failure during combustion.