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The Structure, Evolution, and Gene Expression Within the Caprine Leukocyte Receptor Complex.

John C Schwartz1, Nicholas D Sanderson1,2, Derek M Bickhart3

  • 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.

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|October 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Goats and sheep possess unique killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) gene structures, differing from other mammals and lacking a functional 3DL-lineage KIR gene. This study details their leukocyte receptor complex evolution and gene expression.

Keywords:
KIRLILRLRCNK cellsgoatimmunoglobulin-like receptorssheep

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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) is crucial for immune responses, particularly natural killer (NK) cell function.
  • Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR) exhibit high interspecies variability, suggesting rapid evolution under pathogen pressure.
  • Simians and bovids, including goats and cattle, possess expanded KIR gene complements, making them valuable models for studying KIR evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the LRC and KIR region structure in goats and compare it to sheep using advanced genomic assemblies.
  • To investigate the evolutionary relationships and gene expansion within the KIR region of goats and sheep.
  • To analyze the expression patterns of LRC genes, including KIR, LILR, and novel Ig-like receptors, in various caprine and ovine tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized improved genome assemblies and bacterial artificial chromosome data for structural analysis of the LRC and KIR regions in goats and sheep.
  • Performed comparative genomic analysis to identify conserved and novel KIR genes and subgroups.
  • Analyzed available transcriptomic data to investigate LRC gene expression across different tissues in sheep and goats.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved KIR genes shared between goats and sheep, and a partial sheep haplotype common to Rambouillet and Texel breeds.
  • Discovered independent expansion of two novel KIR subgroups in goats and sheep.
  • Confirmed the absence of a functional 3DL-lineage KIR gene in goats and sheep, a unique finding among mammals.
  • LRC gene expression analysis largely supported gene annotations, with a conserved caprinae-specific KIR subgroup expressed in macrophages.
  • Demonstrated high expression of LILR and novel Ig-like receptors across diverse tissues in both species.

Conclusions:

  • Goats and sheep exhibit distinct evolutionary trajectories in their KIR gene repertoire, including independent expansions and the absence of a 3DL-lineage gene.
  • The identified KIR gene structures and expression patterns provide insights into the immune system's adaptation in these species.
  • This research enhances understanding of the caprine and ovine LRC repertoire, facilitating future studies on immune response variations.