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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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[Menopausal hormone therapy in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: an interdisciplinary Delphi consensus among Russian gynecologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, gerontologists and geriatricians, phlebologists, and clinical pharmacologists].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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[Idiopathic diabetes].

I I Dedov1, K I Tabeeva1, T V Nikonova1

  • 1Endocrinology Research Centre.

Problemy Endokrinologii
|October 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease causing hyperglycemia, involves insulin secretion or action defects. It encompasses autoimmune and idiopathic forms, with the latter also known as type 1B or ketosis-prone diabetes.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Diabetes mellitus is defined by hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion or action defects.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) classification distinguishes four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational, and other types.
  • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction, leading to absolute insulin deficiency and ketoacidosis risk.

Purpose:

  • To elaborate on the classification and characteristics of Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  • To differentiate between autoimmune and idiopathic forms of Type 1 diabetes.
  • To introduce alternative nomenclature for idiopathic diabetes, such as Type 1B.

Summary:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from pancreatic beta-cell destruction, causing absolute insulin deficiency and a propensity for ketoacidosis.
Keywords:
apoptosisatypical diabetesautoimmunitydiabetesdiabetes 1B typeidiopathic diabetes

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  • While often autoimmune, Type 1 diabetes also includes idiopathic cases lacking autoimmune markers.
  • Idiopathic diabetes, a subtype of Type 1, is also referred to as Type 1B, atypical, or ketosis-prone diabetes.

    • Impact:

    • Clarifies the heterogeneity within Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
    • Provides a basis for understanding distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.
    • Enhances diagnostic clarity and research focus on different diabetes etiologies.