Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

41.4K
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
41.4K
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

7.2K
Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
7.2K
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.7K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
3.7K
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

33.4K
Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
33.4K
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

8.7K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
8.7K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

17.7K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
17.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Based Physical Layer Authentication Enhancement.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Clinical characteristics and antibody responses to Omicron variants among pregnant women in China during the December 2022-April 2023 COVID-19 pandemic wave.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Embryo-scale Visual Cell Sorting reveals a conserved transcriptomic signature of nucleolar size linked to proteostasis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cell-type specific allelic dampening of sex-linked genes in sex chromosome aneuploidy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Epidemiological analysis and comparison of 259 extensive burn patients from 2010 to 2021: Evidence for autonomous medical team.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Targeting the gut to heal the skin: probiotic supplementation reduces wound infection risk and clinical burden in critically ill patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation
12:42

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

Published on: November 26, 2014

14.5K

X Inactivation and Escape: Epigenetic and Structural Features.

He Fang1, Christine M Disteche1,2, Joel B Berletch1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

X inactivation is an epigenetic process shaping the inactive X chromosome. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and escaping genes influence its structure, positioning, and sex-specific differences in health and disease.

Keywords:
3D-structureLncRNAsX chromosomeX inactivationdosageepigeneticsescape gene

More Related Videos

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
15:54

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 14, 2014

28.3K
A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome
08:27

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

Published on: May 22, 2019

6.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation
12:42

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

Published on: November 26, 2014

14.5K
Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
15:54

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 14, 2014

28.3K
A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome
08:27

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

Published on: May 22, 2019

6.7K

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • X inactivation is a key epigenetic mechanism in females, altering X chromosome structure and heterochromatin.
  • X-linked long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for silencing, chromatin modification, and nuclear positioning of the inactive X chromosome.
  • A subset of genes escapes X inactivation, leading to sex-specific gene expression and physiological differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on the role of lncRNAs in inactive X chromosome epigenetic control, structure, and positioning.
  • To highlight new findings on the distribution of X-inactivation escape genes using single-cell studies.
  • To discuss the contribution of escape genes to sex differences in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on X inactivation, lncRNAs, and escape genes.
  • Analysis of findings from single-cell studies on gene distribution.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on epigenetic modifications, chromatin structure, and nuclear positioning.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs present challenges in understanding their precise roles in epigenetic modifications and inactive X chromosome regulation.
  • Single-cell studies reveal new insights into the distribution patterns of genes that escape X inactivation.
  • Expression of escape genes contributes to sex-specific physiological differences and disease susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex roles of lncRNAs in regulating the inactive X chromosome.
  • Understanding escape gene dynamics is critical for explaining sex differences in biological processes and disease.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies future research directions in X inactivation and its consequences.