IL-35, a double-edged sword in cancer

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Oncology
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a cytokine primarily secreted by regulatory T cells (Treg cells).
• IL-35 comprises an Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) β-chain and an IL-12 p35 α-chain.
• IL-35 is implicated in promoting cancer progression, tumorigenicity, and apoptosis resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the complex and often contradictory roles of IL-35 in cancer development.
• To detail the structure of IL-35, its receptors, and associated signaling pathways.
• To discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-35 in cancer treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

• This review synthesizes existing research on IL-35.
• It examines the molecular structure and receptor interactions of IL-35.
• The review analyzes the signaling pathways activated by IL-35 in various cancer contexts.

Main Results:

• IL-35 exhibits context-dependent functions in cancer, promoting tumorigenesis in some instances.
• Evidence suggests IL-35 can protect cancer cells from apoptosis, aiding tumor progression.
• Contradictory findings highlight potential roles in cancer prevention, warranting further investigation.

Conclusions:

• The precise role of IL-35 in cancer remains a fundamental question due to its dual functions.
• A comprehensive understanding of IL-35's structure, signaling, and receptor interactions is essential.
• IL-35 presents potential as a target for novel cancer therapies, though its application requires careful consideration.