Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Lucía Ferreiro1,2, María E Toubes1, María E San José2,3
1Department of Pulmonology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Pleural effusion is a common condition where fluid accumulates in the space around the lungs. In about 20% of cases, doctors cannot determine the cause. This review summarizes recent advances in diagnosing pleural effusion. The authors suggest that combining clinical findings with advanced tests improves accuracy. They highlight the importance of imaging-guided procedures like thoracentesis and pleural biopsy. Using nucleic acid amplification tests and collecting fluid in blood culture bottles increases diagnostic yield. The study also emphasizes the need for follow-up in undiagnosed cases to prevent malignant transformation. Overall, the authors propose that a multidisciplinary approach improves outcomes.
Area of Science:
Background:
Pleural effusion remains a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. Despite its frequency, a notable proportion of cases fail to yield a definitive cause. Prior research has shown that diagnostic accuracy depends on integrating clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings. However, gaps persist in determining the most effective combination of diagnostic tools. This uncertainty drives the need for updated diagnostic strategies. No prior work has resolved how best to optimize pleural fluid testing. The role of imaging guidance in thoracentesis is still debated. Understanding how to maximize culture yield from pleural fluid remains a challenge.
Purpose Of The Study:
The authors aim to synthesize current evidence on pleural effusion diagnostics. They focus on improving diagnostic accuracy through better test interpretation. The study addresses how to combine clinical data with laboratory findings. It emphasizes the importance of guided procedures in diagnostic success. The goal is to identify best practices for pleural fluid testing. The authors highlight the need for standardized diagnostic workflows. They seek to clarify how to maximize culture yield from pleural samples. Their work aims to reduce the rate of undiagnosed cases.
Main Methods:
The authors conducted a review of the latest evidence in pleural effusion diagnostics. They examined diagnostic models that integrate clinical and laboratory data. The review focused on pleural fluid testing and imaging-guided procedures. They analyzed the role of nucleic acid amplification tests in diagnosis. The study also considered the impact of pleural biopsy techniques. The authors evaluated how to improve culture yield from pleural fluid. They assessed the diagnostic value of blood culture bottles for fluid collection. The review included expert opinions on diagnostic workflows.
Main Results:
The study found that imaging-guided thoracentesis increases diagnostic sensitivity. Nucleic acid amplification tests improve detection of infectious agents. Collecting pleural fluid in blood culture bottles enhances culture yield. Pleural tissue cultures are more effective than traditional methods. The authors report that undiagnosed cases often have a favorable short-term outlook. However, follow-up is necessary to detect malignant transformations. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate clinical interpretation. It concludes that guided procedures reduce diagnostic failure rates.
Conclusions:
The authors propose that integrating clinical findings with advanced testing improves outcomes. They suggest that imaging guidance is essential for diagnostic thoracentesis. The study concludes that nucleic acid amplification tests enhance diagnostic yield. They recommend using blood culture bottles for pleural fluid collection. The authors state that pleural biopsy remains a valuable diagnostic tool. They emphasize the need for standardized diagnostic protocols. The study highlights the importance of follow-up in undiagnosed cases. Their findings suggest that diagnostic accuracy improves with a multidisciplinary approach.
The authors suggest that imaging-guided thoracentesis improves diagnostic sensitivity and reduces complications.
These tests help detect infectious agents in pleural fluid, improving diagnostic accuracy.
This method increases the yield of pleural fluid cultures, according to the authors' review.
The authors propose that imaging guidance improves diagnostic sensitivity and prevents complications.
The study suggests follow-up is necessary to detect potential malignant transformation.
They propose that integrating clinical findings with advanced testing improves diagnostic accuracy.