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High detectability with low impact: Optimizing large PIT tracking systems for cave-dwelling bats.

Emmi van Harten1, Terry Reardon2, Lindy F Lumsden3

  • 1Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia.

Ecology and Evolution
|October 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers optimized large passive integrated transponder (PIT) antennas to track endangered bats. This improved detection range significantly, enabling better ecological research on flying species.

Keywords:
PIT‐tagbatsmark‐recapturemicrochipradio‐frequency identificationwildlife tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Wildlife ecology
  • Bio-logging technology
  • Conservation science

Background:

  • Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology is crucial for wildlife research, enabling animal resighting without recapture.
  • Traditional PIT tag systems have limited detection ranges, restricting their use with many species, particularly volant (flying) ones.
  • The critically endangered southern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus orianae bassanii) requires effective monitoring for conservation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a large, flexible antenna system for passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to extend detection range for flying animals.
  • To assess the effectiveness of the enhanced PIT tag system in monitoring populations of the southern bent-winged bat.
  • To provide methodological recommendations for using large PIT antennas in wildlife research.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and installed a 15m long flexible antenna system creating an 8m² vertical detection plane at bat roosting caves.
  • Subcutaneously PIT-tagged 2,966 southern bent-winged bats over a three-year study period.
  • Mitigated environmental noise by earthing antenna systems, improving signal detection and analyzing detection probability relative to noise levels.

Main Results:

  • The optimized PIT antenna system achieved detection ranges of up to 105 cm from the antenna plane.
  • Over 1.4 million unique detections were recorded, with 97% of tagged bats detected at least once.
  • Mitigating system noise by earthing increased daily detection probability from <0.2 to 0.7-0.8, with higher probabilities during the peak breeding season.

Conclusions:

  • Large passive integrated transponder (PIT) antennas can be successfully employed to detect small volant species, significantly extending the utility of PIT technology.
  • The developed system proved effective for monitoring the critically endangered southern bent-winged bat, providing valuable data for conservation.
  • Earthing antenna systems and quantifying noise are recommended standard protocols for future wildlife research using large PIT antennas to enhance detection probability.