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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
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When age really matters; ferritin reference intervals during infancy revisited.

Sara Marie Larsson1,2, Andreas Hillarp1, Lena Hellström-Westas3

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Halland, Varberg Sweden.

Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
|October 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Establishing accurate infant ferritin reference intervals is crucial for assessing iron stores. This study defined new reference limits for Swedish infants, revealing significant sex-based differences in ferritin levels by 12 months of age.

Keywords:
Ferritininfantiron deficiencypediatricsreference intervals

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Infants face risks of iron deficiency, complicating accurate assessment of iron stores.
  • Establishing reliable reference intervals for ferritin, the primary marker for iron stores, in infants remains a clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish robust reference intervals for serum ferritin in Swedish infants from birth to 12 months.
  • To investigate potential sex differences in infant ferritin levels over the first year of life.

Main Methods:

  • Serum ferritin levels were measured in 456 Swedish infants at birth, 48-72 hours, 4 months, and 12 months.
  • Reference interval limits were determined using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles.
  • Mathematical transformations and stringent measures were employed to minimize acute phase response interference and ensure precision.

Main Results:

  • New lower and upper reference interval limits for infant ferritin were established.
  • Sex differences in ferritin levels were confirmed, becoming more pronounced with age.
  • By 12 months, boys exhibited a significantly higher upper 97.5th percentile for ferritin (56% higher) compared to girls.

Conclusions:

  • The established reference intervals provide a valuable tool for assessing iron status in infants.
  • Clinicians should be aware of the significant sex-based differences in ferritin levels, particularly in older infants, for accurate iron deficiency diagnosis.