Topologically enabled ultrahigh-Q guided resonances robust to out-of-plane scattering

Because of their ability to confine light, optical resonators^1-3 are of great importance to science and technology, but their performance is often limited by out-of-plane-scattering losses caused by inevitable fabrication imperfections^4,5. Here we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a class of guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs, in which out-of-plane-scattering losses are strongly suppressed by their topological nature. These resonances arise when multiple bound states in the continuum-each carrying a topological charge⁶-merge in momentum space and enhance the quality factors Q of all nearby resonances in the same band. Using such resonances in the telecommunication regime, we experimentally achieve quality factors as high as 4.9 × 10⁵-12 times higher than those obtained with standard designs-and this enhancement remains robust for all of our samples. Our work paves the way for future explorations of topological photonics in systems with open boundary conditions and for their application to the improvement of optoelectronic devices in photonic integrated circuits.